ਪੰਜਾਬੀਯੂਨੀpunjabiuni
Calculus Volume 2

Chapter 4

੧੭੯ ਪੈਰੇ · 179 paragraphs

ਮਸ਼ੀਨੀ ਅਨੁਵਾਦ · ਬਿਨਾਂ ਜਾਂਚਇਹ ਮਸ਼ੀਨੀ ਅਨੁਵਾਦ ਹੈ ਅਤੇ ਅਜੇ ਮਨੁੱਖੀ ਸਮੀਖਿਆ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੋਈ। ਇਸਨੂੰ ਅੰਤਿਮ, ਪ੍ਰਮਾਣਿਤ ਅਨੁਵਾਦ ਦੀ ਬਜਾਏ ਕੰਮ ਅਧੀਨ ਖਰੜਾ ਸਮਝ ਕੇ ਪੜ੍ਹੋ।Machine-translated, not yet reviewed by a human. Read it as a working draft, not a settled translation — Sikhi.io (Punjabi Classics Pipeline) · google/gemini-2.5-flash-lite.

Checkpoint

5 5

y = 2 x 2 + 3 x + 2 y = 2 x 2 + 3 x + 2

y = 1 3 x 3 − 2 x 2 + 3 x − 6 e x + 14 y = 1 3 x 3 − 2 x 2 + 3 x − 6 e x + 14

v ( t ) = −9.8 t v ( t ) = −9.8 t

The equilibrium solutions are y=−2y=−2 and y=2.y=2. For this equation, y=−2y=−2 is an unstable equilibrium solution, and y=2y=2 is a semi-stable equilibrium solution.

row: nn | xnxn | yn=yn−1+hf(xn−1,yn−1)yn=yn−1+hf(xn−1,yn−1)

row: 00 | 11 | −2−2

row: 11 | 1.11.1 | y1=y0+hf(x0,y0)=−1.5y1=y0+hf(x0,y0)=−1.5

row: 22 | 1.21.2 | y2=y1+hf(x1,y1)=−1.1419y2=y1+hf(x1,y1)=−1.1419

row: 33 | 1.31.3 | y3=y2+hf(x2,y2)=−0.8387y3=y2+hf(x2,y2)=−0.8387

row: 44 | 1.41.4 | y4=y3+hf(x3,y3)=−0.5487y4=y3+hf(x3,y3)=−0.5487

row: 55 | 1.51.5 | y5=y4+hf(x4,y4)=−0.2442y5=y4+hf(x4,y4)=−0.2442

row: 66 | 1.61.6 | y6=y5+hf(x5,y5)=0.0993y6=y5+hf(x5,y5)=0.0993

row: 77 | 1.71.7 | y7=y6+hf(x6,y6)=0.5099y7=y6+hf(x6,y6)=0.5099

row: 88 | 1.81.8 | y8=y7+hf(x7,y7)=1.0272y8=y7+hf(x7,y7)=1.0272

row: 99 | 1.91.9 | y9=y8+hf(x8,y8)=1.7159y9=y8+hf(x8,y8)=1.7159

row: 1010 | 22 | y10=y9+hf(x9,y9)=2.6962y10=y9+hf(x9,y9)=2.6962

y = 2 + C e x 2 + 3 x y = 2 + C e x 2 + 3 x

y = 4 + 14 e x 2 + x 1 − 7 e x 2 + x y = 4 + 14 e x 2 + x 1 − 7 e x 2 + x

Initial value problem:

d u d t = 2.4 − 2 u 25 , u ( 0 ) = 3 d u d t = 2.4 − 2 u 25 , u ( 0 ) = 3

Solution:u(t)=30−27e−2t/25Solution:u(t)=30−27e−2t/25 Concentration: 30-27e-2t25Concentration: 30-27e-2t25

Initial value problem dTdt=k(T−70),T(0)=450dTdt=k(T−70),T(0)=450

T(t)=70+380ektT(t)=70+380ekt

Approximately 114114 minutes.

dPdt=0.04(1−P750),P(0)=200dPdt=0.04(1−P750),P(0)=200

P(t)=3000e.04t11+4e.04tP(t)=3000e.04t11+4e.04t

After 1212 months, the population will be P(12)≈278P(12)≈278 rabbits.

y′+15x+3y=10x−20x+3;p(x)=15x+3y′+15x+3y=10x−20x+3;p(x)=15x+3 and q(x)=10x−20x+3q(x)=10x−20x+3

y = x 3 + x 2 + C x − 2 y = x 3 + x 2 + C x − 2

y = - 2 x - 5 2 + 1 2 e 2 x y = - 2 x - 5 2 + 1 2 e 2 x

dvdt=−v−9.8v(0)=0dvdt=−v−9.8v(0)=0

v(t)=9.8(e−t−1)v(t)=9.8(e−t−1)

limt→∞v(t)=limt→∞(9.8(e−t−1))=−9.8m/s≈−21.922mphlimt→∞v(t)=limt→∞(9.8(e−t−1))=−9.8m/s≈−21.922mph

Initial-value problem:

8 q ′ + 1 0.02 q = 20 sin 5 t , q ( 0 ) = 4 8 q ′ + 1 0.02 q = 20 sin 5 t , q ( 0 ) = 4

q ( t ) = 10 sin 5 t − 8 cos 5 t + 172 e −6.25 t 41 q ( t ) = 10 sin 5 t − 8 cos 5 t + 172 e −6.25 t 41

Section 4.1 Exercises

1 1

3 3

1 1

1 1

y = 4 + 3 x 4 4 y = 4 + 3 x 4 4

y = 1 2 e x 2 y = 1 2 e x 2

y = 2 e − 1 / x y = 2 e − 1 / x

u = sin −1 ( e −1 + t ) u = sin −1 ( e −1 + t )

y = − x + 1 1 − x − 1 y = − x + 1 1 − x − 1

y = C − x + x ln x − ln ( cos x ) y = C − x + x ln x − ln ( cos x )

y = C + 4 x ln ( 4 ) y = C + 4 x ln ( 4 )

y = 2 3 t 2 + 16 ( t 2 + 16 ) + C y = 2 3 t 2 + 16 ( t 2 + 16 ) + C

x = 2 15 4 + t ( 3 t 2 + 4 t − 32 ) + C x = 2 15 4 + t ( 3 t 2 + 4 t − 32 ) + C

y = C x y = C x

y = 1 − t 2 2 , y = − t 2 2 − 1 y = 1 − t 2 2 , y = − t 2 2 − 1

y = e − t , y = − e − t y = e − t , y = − e − t

y = 2 ( t 2 + 5 ) , t = 3 5 y = 2 ( t 2 + 5 ) , t = 3 5

y = 10 e −2 t , t = − 1 2 ln ( 1 10 ) y = 10 e −2 t , t = − 1 2 ln ( 1 10 )

y=14(41−e−4t),y=14(41−e−4t), never

Solution changes from increasing to decreasing at y(0)=0y(0)=0

Solution changes from increasing to decreasing at y(0)=0y(0)=0

v ( t ) = −32 t + a v ( t ) = −32 t + a

00 ft/s

52.35452.354 meters

x=50t−15π2cos(πt)+3π2,2x=50t−15π2cos(πt)+3π2,2 hours 11 minute

y = 4 e 3 t y = 4 e 3 t

y = 3 − 2 t + t 2 y = 3 − 2 t + t 2

y=1k(ekt−1)y=1k(ekt−1) and y=xy=x

Section 4.2 Exercises

y=0y=0 is a stable equilibrium

y=0y=0 is a stable equilibrium and y=2y=2 is unstable

General solution is y=et+Cy=et+C.

General solution is y=et(t-1)+Cy=et(t-1)+C.

ਈ

ਏ

ਬੀ

ਏ

ਸੀ

੨੨

੫(e−1)੫(e−1)

੦੦

੧ln(੨)੧ln(੨)

−੧/੨−੧/੨

y ′ = 2 e t 2 / 2

੨

੩.੨੭੫੬

੨e

ਕਤਾਰ: ਕਦਮ ਦਾ ਆਕਾਰ | ਸੰਬੰਧਿਤ ਤਰੁੱਟੀ

ਕਤਾਰ: h=੦.੧ | ੦.੩੯੩੫

ਕਤਾਰ: h=੦.੦੧ | ੦.੦੬੧੬੩

ਕਤਾਰ: h=੦.੦੦੧ | ੦.੦੦੬੬੧੨

ਕਤਾਰ: h=੦.੦੦੦੧ | ੦.੦੦੦੬੬੬੧

੪.੦੭੪੧ e −੧੦

ਧਾਰਾ ੪.੩ ਅਭਿਆਸ

y = e t − ੧

y = ੧ + C e − t

y = C x e −੧ / x

y = 1 C − x 2 y = 1 C − x 2

y = − 2 C + ln x y = − 2 C + ln x

y = C e x ( x + 1 ) + 1 y = C e x ( x + 1 ) + 1

y = sin ( ln t + C ) y = sin ( ln t + C )

y = − ln ( e − x ) y = − ln ( e − x )

y = 1 2 − e x 2 y = 1 2 − e x 2

y = tanh −1 ( x 2 2 ) y = tanh −1 ( x 2 2 )

x = sin ( 1 - t + t ln t ) x = sin ( 1 - t + t ln t )

y = ln ( ln ( 5 ) ) − ln ( 2 − 5 x ) y = ln ( ln ( 5 ) ) − ln ( 2 − 5 x )

y=Ce−2x+12y=Ce−2x+12

y=12C−exy=12C−ex

y=Ce−xxxy=Ce−xxx

y = r d ( 1 − e − d t ) y = r d ( 1 − e − d t )

y ( t ) = 10 − 9 e − x / 50 y ( t ) = 10 − 9 e − x / 50

134.3134.3 kilograms

720720 seconds

2424 hours 5757 minutes

T ( t ) = 20 + 50 e −0.125 t T ( t ) = 20 + 50 e −0.125 t

T ( t ) = 20 + 38.5 e −0.125 t T ( t ) = 20 + 38.5 e −0.125 t

y = ( c + b a ) e a x − b a y = ( c + b a ) e a x − b a

y ( t ) = c L + ( I − c L ) e − r t / L y ( t ) = c L + ( I − c L ) e − r t / L

y=40(1−e−0.1t),40y=40(1−e−0.1t),40 g/cm2

Section 4.4 Exercises

P=0P=0 semi-stable

P = 10 e 10 x e 10 x + 4 P = 10 e 10 x e 10 x + 4

P ( t ) = 10000 e 0.02 t 150 + 50 e 0.02 t P ( t ) = 10000 e 0.02 t 150 + 50 e 0.02 t

6969 hours 55 minutes

88 years 1111 months

P1P1 semi-stable

P2>0P2>0 stable

P1=0P1=0 is semi-stable

P t = 3500 4 + 3 e - 035 t P t = 3500 4 + 3 e - 035 t

P ( t ) = 850 + 500 e 0.009 t 85 + 5 e 0.009 t P ( t ) = 850 + 500 e 0.009 t 85 + 5 e 0.009 t

1313 years months

31.46531.465 days

September 20082008

K + T 2 K + T 2

r = 0.0405 r = 0.0405

α = 0.0081 α = 0.0081

Logistic: 361,361, Threshold: 436,436, Gompertz: 309.309.

Section 4.5 Exercises

Yes

Yes

y ′ − x 3 y = sin x y ′ − x 3 y = sin x

y ′ + ( 3 x + 2 ) x y = − e x y ′ + ( 3 x + 2 ) x y = − e x

d y d t − y x ( x + 1 ) = 0 d y d t − y x ( x + 1 ) = 0

e e x e e x

− ln ( cosh x ) − ln ( cosh x )

y = C e 3 x − 2 3 y = C e 3 x − 2 3

y = C x 3 + 6 x 2 y = C x 3 + 6 x 2

y = C e x 2 / 2 − 3 y = C e x 2 / 2 − 3

y = C tan ( x 2 ) − 2 x + 4 tan ( x 2 ) ln ( sin ( x 2 ) ) y = C tan ( x 2 ) − 2 x + 4 tan ( x 2 ) ln ( sin ( x 2 ) )

y = C x 3 − x 2 y = C x 3 − x 2

y = C ( x + 2 ) 2 + 1 2 y = C ( x + 2 ) 2 + 1 2

y = C x + 2 sin ( 3 t ) y = C x + 2 sin ( 3 t )

y = C ( x + 1 ) 3 − x 2 − 2 x − 1 y = C ( x + 1 ) 3 − x 2 − 2 x − 1

y = C e sinh −1 x − 2 y = C e sinh −1 x − 2

y = x + 4 e –x − 1 y = x + 4 e –x − 1

y = − 3 x 2 ( x 2 − 1 ) y = − 3 x 2 ( x 2 − 1 )

y = 1 − e tan −1 x y = 1 − e tan −1 x

y = ( x + 2 ) ln ( x + 2 2 ) y = ( x + 2 ) ln ( x + 2 2 )

y = 2 e 2 x − 2 x − 2 x − 1 y = 2 e 2 x − 2 x − 2 x − 1

v ( t ) = g m k ( 1 − e − k t / m ) v ( t ) = g m k ( 1 − e − k t / m )

40.45140.451 seconds

g m k g m k

y = C e x − a ( x + 1 ) y = C e x − a ( x + 1 )

y = C e x 2 / 2 − a y = C e x 2 / 2 − a

y = e k t − e t k − 1 y = e k t − e t k − 1

Review Exercises

F

T

y ( x ) = 2 x ln ( 2 ) + x cos −1 x − 1 − x 2 + C y ( x ) = 2 x ln ( 2 ) + x cos −1 x − 1 − x 2 + C

y ( x ) = ln ( C − cos x ) y ( x ) = ln ( C − cos x )

y ( x ) = e e C + x y ( x ) = e e C + x

y ( x ) = 4 + 3 2 x 2 + 2 x − sin x y ( x ) = 4 + 3 2 x 2 + 2 x − sin x

y ( x ) = − 2 1 + 3 ( x 2 + 2 sin x ) y ( x ) = − 2 1 + 3 ( x 2 + 2 sin x )

y ( x ) = −2 x 2 − 2 x − 1 3 − 2 3 e 3 x y ( x ) = −2 x 2 − 2 x − 1 3 − 2 3 e 3 x

y(x)=Ce−x+lnxy(x)=Ce−x+lnx

Euler: 0.6939,0.6939, exact solution: y(x)=3x−e−2x2+ln(3)y(x)=3x−e−2x2+ln(3)

40494049 second

x(t)=5000+2459−493t−2459e−5/3t,t=307.8x(t)=5000+2459−493t−2459e−5/3t,t=307.8 seconds

T ( t ) = 200 ( 1 − e − t / 1000 ) T ( t ) = 200 ( 1 − e − t / 1000 )

P ( t ) = 1600000 e 0.02 t 9840 + 160 e 0.02 t P ( t ) = 1600000 e 0.02 t 9840 + 160 e 0.02 t